Course Description: Expand your local anesthesia skills beyond the basic with a unique perspective on pharmacology, anatomy, technique, technology and human factors* that contribute to positive pain control outcomes. Alternatives to common injection techniques based on anatomical advantage, such as “short needle IA”, “high IA block”, “retromolar” deliver techniques, and supplemental infiltrations will be discussed. A focus on patient assessment to include ASA Classification systems, the 2015 revised FDA Drug Labeling for Pregnancy and Lactation rules, and the 2024 American Academy if Pediatric Dentists local anesthesia guidelines will be included. Learning Objectives: 1. Apply ASA Classification systems for pre-anesthesia risk assessment. 2. Identify implications of 2015 revised FDA Drug Labeling for Pregnancy and Lactation rules on drug selection 3. Calculate safe pediatric drug doses based on the 2024 American Academy if Pediatric Dentists local anesthesia guidelines. oUnderstand relevant pharmacological properties of local anesthetic drugs and how they impact anesthesia. 4. Discuss benefits of buffering local anesthetic drugs and current methods for buffering dental cartridge. 5. Identify anatomical features that support injection technique modifications. 6. Modify current techniques to take advantage of key anatomical factors. 7. Consider non-pharmacological devices to reduce pre-injection stresses and discomfort.